{"id":1244,"date":"2025-11-25T20:37:31","date_gmt":"2025-11-25T17:07:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/?p=1244"},"modified":"2025-11-29T19:44:43","modified_gmt":"2025-11-29T16:14:43","slug":"%d8%b4%d8%a8%db%8c%d9%87%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-r-2r-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%85%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/world\/%d8%a7%d9%84%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%db%8c%da%a9\/%d8%b4%d8%a8%db%8c%d9%87%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-r-2r-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%85%d8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc R-2R \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b $R$ \u06cc\u0627 $2R$ \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 (Tolerance)<\/strong> \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06f1\u066a \u06cc\u0627 \u06f5\u066a \u062e\u0637\u0627). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631 \u06f2 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc DAC \u062f\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0637\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u06cc (Non-linearity)<\/strong> \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0632 011...1<\/code> \u0628\u0647 100...0<\/code> (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06f1\u06f2\u06f7 \u0628\u0647 \u06f1\u06f2\u06f8 \u062f\u0631 \u06f8 \u0628\u06cc\u062a) \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a MSB (\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634) \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f! \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06cc (Non-monotonicity)<\/strong> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06a9\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc R-2R \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0646 (Thevenin)<\/strong> \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Python<\/p>\n\n\n\n

import numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport random\n\nclass Real_R2R_DAC:\n    def __init__(self, resolution_bits, v_ref, r_base, tolerance_percent):\n        \"\"\"\n        :param resolution_bits: \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\n        :param v_ref: \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\n        :param r_base: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a R (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b 10 \u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0647\u0645)\n        :param tolerance_percent: \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b 1 \u06cc\u0627 5)\n        \"\"\"\n        self.n = resolution_bits\n        self.v_ref = v_ref\n        \n        # \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u06cc\n        # \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0646:\n        # - N \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a Shunt (\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u060c 2R) \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\n        # - N-1 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a Series (\u0627\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u060c R) \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\n        # - 1 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a Terminating (\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u060c 2R) \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc LSB \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\n        \n        self.resistors_shunt = []\n        self.resistors_series = []\n        \n        # \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0627\n        def get_resistor(ideal_value):\n            error_factor = 1 + random.uniform(-tolerance_percent\/100, tolerance_percent\/100)\n            return ideal_value * error_factor\n\n        # \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc Shunt (2R) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u062a\n        for _ in range(self.n):\n            self.resistors_shunt.append(get_resistor(2 * r_base))\n            \n        # \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc Series (R) \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\n        for _ in range(self.n - 1):\n            self.resistors_series.append(get_resistor(r_base))\n            \n        # \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 (Terminator) \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062a LSB \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a (2R)\n        self.r_terminator = get_resistor(2 * r_base)\n\n    def solve_circuit(self, digital_input):\n        \"\"\"\n        \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0632 LSB \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a MSB\n        \"\"\"\n        # \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (LSB \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0633 0)\n        bits = [(digital_input >> i) & 1 for i in range(self.n)]\n        \n        # \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc LSB:\n        # \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \"\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\" (\u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646) \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\n        r_looking_down = self.r_terminator\n        v_looking_down = 0.0  # \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 (\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646)\n\n        # \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u0632 LSB (\u0628\u06cc\u062a 0) \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a MSB (\u0628\u06cc\u062a N-1)\n        for i in range(self.n):\n            # \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u062a (\u0627\u06af\u0631 1 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f Vref\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 0 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f GND)\n            v_in_bit = self.v_ref if bits[i] == 1 else 0.0\n            r_shunt = self.resistors_shunt[i]\n            \n            # \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u06af\u0631\u0647 (Node Voltage) \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0645\u0646 (Millman) \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698\n            # \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645: \n            # 1. \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u062a (V_in_bit, R_shunt)\n            # 2. \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0646 (V_looking_down, R_looking_down)\n            \n            # \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc:\n            v_node = (v_in_bit * r_looking_down + v_looking_down * r_shunt) \/ (r_looking_down + r_shunt)\n            \n            # \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0647 (\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647):\n            r_node = (r_looking_down * r_shunt) \/ (r_looking_down + r_shunt)\n            \n            # \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u062a (MSB) \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\n            if i == self.n - 1:\n                return v_node\n            \n            # \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 MSB \u0646\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\n            r_series = self.resistors_series[i]\n            \n            # \u0622\u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc\n            v_looking_down = v_node\n            r_looking_down = r_node + r_series\n            \n        return 0.0\n\n# --- \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc ---\nBITS = 6                # \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u062a (\u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u067e\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f)\nV_REF = 5.0\nR_BASE = 10000          # 10k Ohm\nTOLERANCE = 20          # \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc 20% (\u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f!)\n\n# \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a DAC \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 (\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc 0) \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc (\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc 20)\nideal_dac = Real_R2R_DAC(BITS, V_REF, R_BASE, 0.0)\nreal_dac = Real_R2R_DAC(BITS, V_REF, R_BASE, TOLERANCE)\n\n# \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\nx_values = range(2**BITS)\ny_ideal = [ideal_dac.solve_circuit(i) for i in x_values]\ny_real = [real_dac.solve_circuit(i) for i in x_values]\nerrors = [y_real[i] - y_ideal[i] for i in x_values]\n\n# --- \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 ---\nfig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 10), sharex=True)\n\n# \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 1: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\nax1.step(x_values, y_ideal, where='post', label='Ideal DAC', linestyle='--', alpha=0.7)\nax1.step(x_values, y_real, where='post', label=f'Real DAC ({TOLERANCE}% Tol)', color='red')\nax1.set_ylabel('Output Voltage (V)')\nax1.set_title(f'R-2R DAC Simulation: Ideal vs Real Resistors')\nax1.legend()\nax1.grid(True)\n\n# \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 2: \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0637\u0627 (Non-Linearity)\nax2.plot(x_values, errors, color='purple')\nax2.set_ylabel('Error Voltage (V)')\nax2.set_xlabel('Digital Input Code')\nax2.set_title('Error (Real - Ideal)')\nax2.grid(True)\nax2.axhline(0, color='black', linewidth=0.8)\n\n# \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Monotonicity (\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06cc)\n# \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\nis_monotonic = True\nfor i in range(1, len(y_real)):\n    if y_real[i] < y_real[i-1]:\n        ax1.plot(i, y_real[i], 'ro', markersize=10, mfc='none') # \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\n        is_monotonic = False\n\nprint(f\"Simulated Resistance Tolerance: {TOLERANCE}%\")\nprint(f\"Is the DAC Monotonic? {'YES' if is_monotonic else 'NO (See circles on plot)'}\")\n\nplt.tight_layout()\nplt.show()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645:<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b TOLERANCE = 20<\/code> (\u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f) \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06f1\u066a \u06cc\u0627 \u06f5\u066a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06f2\u06f0\u066a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632:<\/strong> \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634<\/strong> \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0648\u062f)\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc DAC \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0627 (Non-Monotonic)<\/strong> \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 (Error):<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u062f\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 (\u06a9\u062f \u06f3\u06f1 \u0628\u0647 \u06f3\u06f2 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06f6 \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u06cc) \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 (DAC) \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (Look-Up Table)<\/strong> \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 DAC \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 DDS \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0633\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b $R$ \u06cc\u0627 $2R$ \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 (Tolerance) \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06f1\u066a \u06cc\u0627 \u06f5\u066a \u062e\u0637\u0627). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631 \u06f2 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc DAC \u062f\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0637\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u06cc (Non-linearity) \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0632 011…1 \u0628\u0647 100…0 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06f1\u06f2\u06f7 \u0628\u0647 \u06f1\u06f2\u06f8 \u062f\u0631 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[220,219,218,217,221],"class_list":["post-1244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-13","tag-tolerance","tag-219","tag-218","tag--r-2r","tag-221"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1244"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1245,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1244\/revisions\/1245"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}