{"id":1279,"date":"2025-12-09T15:34:03","date_gmt":"2025-12-09T12:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/?p=1279"},"modified":"2025-12-09T15:34:04","modified_gmt":"2025-12-09T12:04:04","slug":"%d8%b4%d8%a8%db%8c%d9%87-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-opamp-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%88%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%da%98-%d8%a2%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%af%db%8c-input-offset-voltage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/world\/%d8%a7%d9%84%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%db%8c%da%a9\/%d8%b4%d8%a8%db%8c%d9%87-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-opamp-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%88%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%da%98-%d8%a2%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%af%db%8c-input-offset-voltage\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc OpAmp \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc (Input Offset Voltage)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0644 Op-Amp \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 Op-Amp \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (Saturation)<\/strong>: \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u06cc\u0647.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0631\u062e \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0634 (Slew Rate)<\/strong>: \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u067e\u0647\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f (Bandwidth)<\/strong>: \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 Op-Amp \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: <strong>\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc (Input Offset Voltage)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc ($V_{os}$)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u06a9 Op-Amp \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 $V_{in+} = V_{in-}$ \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc (\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u06cc (\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0648\u0644\u062a) \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 ($\\pm V_{os}$) \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 <strong>\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637\u0627 (DC Error) \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 $V_{os}$ \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>import numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n\nclass CompleteOpAmp:\n    def __init__(self, v_pos=15, v_neg=-15, slew_rate=0.5e6, # V\/s\n                 v_offset=2e-3, # Input Offset Voltage (2mV)\n                 ideal_gain=10, # Closed loop gain target for simulation\n                 ):\n        \n        # \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc\n        self.v_pos = v_pos\n        self.v_neg = v_neg\n        self.slew_rate = slew_rate\n        self.v_offset = v_offset \n        self.ideal_gain = ideal_gain\n        self.prev_output = 0 # \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a Slew Rate\n        \n        # \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0632 DC (\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f)\n        # \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633: A_noise = 1 + (Rf \/ Rin)\n        # \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647: \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0627 10- \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c (Rf\/Rin) = 10 \u0627\u0633\u062a\n        self.dc_noise_gain = 1 + abs(ideal_gain) \n        \n    def calculate_output(self, target_voltage, dt):\n        \n        # --- 1. \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u06cc ---\n        # \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 DC \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\n        # \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:\n        \n        # \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 DC \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc (Output DC Error)\n        # Error = Vos * Noise_Gain\n        offset_error = self.v_offset * self.dc_noise_gain\n        \n        # \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a\n        target_v_out = target_voltage + offset_error\n\n        # --- 2. \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a Slew Rate ---\n        \n        delta_v = target_v_out - self.prev_output\n        max_change = self.slew_rate * dt\n        \n        if abs(delta_v) &gt; max_change:\n            actual_change = max_change * np.sign(delta_v)\n        else:\n            actual_change = delta_v\n            \n        new_output = self.prev_output + actual_change\n        \n        # --- 3. \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (Saturation) ---\n        \n        if new_output &gt; self.v_pos:\n            final_output = self.v_pos\n        elif new_output &lt; self.v_neg:\n            final_output = self.v_neg\n        else:\n            final_output = new_output\n            \n        # \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc\n        self.prev_output = final_output\n        return final_output\n\n# --- \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc ---\n\nduration = 0.005 # 5 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647\nsampling_rate = 1000000 # 1 \u0645\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\ntime = np.linspace(0, duration, int(duration * sampling_rate))\ndt = time&#91;1] - time&#91;0]\n\n# --- \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc OpAmp ---\n# \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 10- \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 Rf=10k, Rin=1k)\n# Slew Rate \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0646\u062f: 0.5 V\/us = 500,000 V\/s\nmy_opamp = CompleteOpAmp(v_pos=10, v_neg=-10, slew_rate=5e5, ideal_gain=-10)\n\n# --- \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc ---\n# \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633 1kHz\nfreq = 1000 \namplitude = 0.5 # 0.5 \u0648\u0644\u062a\n# \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc\nv_in_signal = amplitude * np.sin(2 * np.pi * freq * time)\n\n# \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\nnoise_level = 0.01 \nv_in_noisy = v_in_signal + np.random.normal(0, noise_level, len(time))\n\n# --- \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc ---\nv_out_signal = &#91;]\n\nfor v_in in v_in_noisy:\n    # \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631: Vin * Gain (\u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a)\n    target_v_out = v_in * my_opamp.ideal_gain \n    \n    # \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Slew Rate, Saturation, Offset)\n    real_out = my_opamp.calculate_output(target_v_out, dt)\n    v_out_signal.append(real_out)\n\n# --- \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 ---\n\nplt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))\nplt.title('Complete Op-Amp Simulation (Offset, Slew Rate, Noise)')\nplt.plot(time * 1e3, v_in_noisy, label='Noisy Input', color='blue', alpha=0.5)\nplt.plot(time * 1e3, v_out_signal, label='Real Output', color='red', linewidth=2)\n\n# \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc DC \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a\ndc_offset_line = my_opamp.v_offset * my_opamp.dc_noise_gain\nplt.axhline(y=dc_offset_line, color='purple', linestyle=':', label='Output DC Error')\n\n# \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u0630\u06cc\u0647\nplt.axhline(y=my_opamp.v_pos, color='green', linestyle='--', alpha=0.6)\nplt.axhline(y=my_opamp.v_neg, color='green', linestyle='--', alpha=0.6, label='Supply Rails')\n\nplt.xlabel('Time (ms)')\nplt.ylabel('Voltage (V)')\nplt.grid(True)\nplt.legend()\nplt.show()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc Op-Amp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc Op-Amp\u060c \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc DC (\u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0634 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc DC \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 $V_{os}$ \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0632 (Noise Gain) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c $V_{offset} = 2 mV$ \u0648 $A_{noise} = 11$. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc DC \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f $22 mV$ \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Slew Rate \u0648 \u067e\u0647\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b 1kHz) \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u067e\u0647\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b 50kHz) \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c Op-Amp \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0631 Slew Rate (\u0645\u0648\u062c \u0630\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc) \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0632:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc (\u062e\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632) \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (Clipping):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b) \u0628\u0647 $1.5V$ \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 ($\\pm 15V$) \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u06cc\u0647 ($\\pm 10V$) \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0644 Op-Amp \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 Op-Amp \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645: \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (Saturation): \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u06cc\u0647. \u0646\u0631\u062e \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0634 (Slew Rate): \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631. \u067e\u0647\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f (Bandwidth): \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 Op-Amp \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[245,244],"class_list":["post-1279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-13","tag-input-offset-voltage","tag-244"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1279"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1280,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1279\/revisions\/1280"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ilk.ir\/sahifa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}